A corrupt drive refers to data corruption_(info placed on the drive).
System Restore
This can range from simply installing a new application that doesn't play well with things, in which case the built-in MS system restore feature would likely correct the issue (found in your MS OS Control Panel since Windows ME and later), provided you set a restore point before you installed your new app. This should be done prior to each and every installation of a new software app period! It's foolish not to use it. It can be a life saver, and is one of the best features MS ever incorporated into their OS. System restore restores your OS state to the point things were before the new application installation_(i.e... all settings and configurations, files replaced by the new app install etc. with the previous one(s)). Effective 99.5% of the time. Some app installations are more aggressive and overwrite certain files which are then unrecoverable, or Windows simply can't relocate/find them (usually the former). Corruption by viruses, Trojans, malware and the like can be more serious and may be cause to dig deeper into the issue, ...or possibly a complete total hdd reformat and reinstallation of everything from scratch depending on the severity of the problem(s). The exception here is that System Restore can-not restore a corrupt OS_(operating System).
Special tools for recovery come into play if you have irreplaceable critical data stored that you simply can't afford to lose_(data bases, customer info, financial etc.). In this case your likely option would be use of a professional recovery service. There are good undelete programs out there, but unless you know what your looking for (files etc.) this can be frustrating at best. If your files/data have been overwritten, this is where a professional data recovery service can come to the rescue. A word of caution; if you know you have a corruption issue, DO-NOT defrag your hdd. This will overwrite any files that have been deleted or replaced generally and lessens the restoring capabilities, if not eliminate them all together outside the use of a professional recovery service, and even then can inhibit or destroy all chance of recovery (which at times can be a crap shoot at best depending on the severity of loss/overwritten files). Again if you've done this, your best bet is a professional recovery service if you've lost critical data, or just bite the bullet and reformat the hdd and reinstall everything form scratch and start over.
Operating System Recovery that comes with some PC's that have the OS pre-installed.
System Recovery
Some PC's come with a backup of the factory installed OS and original apps and/or junk as originally installed out-of-the-box. Generally they offer you the ability to burn a set of CD or DVD recovery disks (and in some cases a recovery tools disk) that have all the original data on them installed by the manufacturer (this should be done a.s.a.p. once you setup your new PC before installing anything new). It's located in a separate partition on the hdd known as a recovery partition, and is generally protected/locked so most folks can't get into it and modify or corrupt things on their own. This is 'System Recovery', not 'System Restore'. They are two completely different animals.
There are two types of System Recovery available.
One is called a non-destructive recovery which restores the OS to it's original state as when you bought the PC new. It does not destroy your 'My Documents folder' or any saved files within and most of your OS settings. Make sure you BACK-UP your 'My Documents folder' and any data you don't want to chance losing. However, you will need to do ALL your updates again and reinstall ALL your application software after the procedure. Backup Backup Backup
A FULL System Recovery is just that. It completely wipes ALL data on the hdd, reformats it, and re-installs the OS to it's original state as it was the day you brought it home, took it out of the box, and fired it up. ALL data WILL be lost. This is what the recovery disks that you burned are used for (with the exception of the Recovery tools disk which is used for more in depth troubleshooting (not for the uninitiated/faint-of-heart)).
Hope this helps and answers your questions. :)
Regards